What does fluency refer to in reading?

Fluency in reading primarily refers to the ability to read text smoothly and accurately with an appropriate pace, which ultimately contributes to better comprehension. This means that fluency is not just about the mechanics of reading, such as decoding words or reading quickly but also encompasses understanding the text being read. A fluent reader can recognize words rapidly and can process the meaning as they read, leading to a more effective understanding of the material. Therefore, the emphasis is on both the ability to read (decoding and pronouncing words correctly) and the capacity to understand (comprehension) what has been read.

While the other options touch on important aspects of literacy, they do not encapsulate the core definition of reading fluency as effectively as the ability to read and understand does. For instance, understanding the meaning of complex texts involves higher-order thinking skills that go beyond basic fluency. Similarly, the ability to read, speak, and write fluently includes multiple forms of communication, which extends beyond the singular focus of reading fluency. Reading at a rapid pace without comprehension actually negates the concept of fluency, as comprehension is essential to being a fluent reader. Thus, the correct choice emphasizes both the practical skills of reading as well as the understanding that is